Our interactions, movements, and behavior affect the spreading of infectious diseases. I summarize the methodology, data used, findings of the articles in each category and provide an outlook highlighting future challenges as well as opportunities. Considering the focus, and methodology I have classified the sample into seven main categories: epidemic models, surveys, comments/perspectives, papers aiming to quantify the effects of NPIs, reviews, articles using data proxies to measure NPIs, and publicly available datasets describing NPIs. While the large majority of the sample was obtained by querying PubMed, it includes also a hand-curated list. In doing so, I analyze 348 articles written by more than 2518 authors in the first 12 months of the emergency. Here, I review some of the vast literature written on the subject of NPIs during the COVID-19 pandemic. The scale of the emergency, the ease of survey as well as crowdsourcing deployment guaranteed by the latest technology, several Data for Good programs developed by tech giants, major mobile phone providers, and other companies have allowed unprecedented access to data describing behavioral changes induced by the pandemic. Travel bans, events cancellation, social distancing, curfews, and lockdowns have become unfortunately very familiar. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have been the key weapon against the SARS-CoV-2 virus and affected virtually any societal process. Things have dramatically changed in 2020. The main issue was the lack of empirical data capturing behavioral change induced by diseases. Before COVID-19 the literature on the subject was mainly theoretical and largely missed validation. While intuitive, our understanding of such feedback loop is still limited. On the other, the unfolding of viruses might induce changes to our daily activities. On one side, our movements and interactions are the engines of transmission. Infectious diseases and human behavior are intertwined.
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